Modelling ozone deposition fluxes: The relative roles of deposition and detoxification processes

A new Model of Ozone Deposition and Detoxification (MODD) is presented. This model describes stomatal ozone uptake and deposition on external plant surfaces and soil; it accounts for diurnal variability of detoxification processes and reactive ozone uptake on cuticular waxes and soil surface. The mechanistic modelling of plant defense reactions is based on the Plöchl et al. (2000) detoxification model in which the dynamics of apoplast chemistry are considered. To estimate ozone deposition fluxes on cuticular waxes and soil surface, we use a revised version of the Morrison and Nazaroff (2002) model developed to account for ozone uptake on material surfaces. This model which has been fully integrated with a soil-plant-atmosphere continuum model ensures a complete coupling between stomatal conductance and O₃ exchanges between leaves and the atmosphere. The observed diurnal variations in stomatal conductance which largely control the influx of O₃ into the leaf are well reproduced. Model simulations point out that the pool of ascorbate located in the mesophyll cell wall plays a significant role in the detoxification of O₃. Besides stomatal conductance, it is the key process involved in the control of ozone flux to the cell wall. A decrease in the pool of ascorbate lengthens the chemical lifetime of O₃ in the cell wall then the virtual apoplastic resistance is found to increase with decreasing ascorbate. Although the atmospheric ozone concentration increases as the weather becomes hot and dry, the virtual apoplastic resistance follows the same trend, indicating a decrease of the ascorbate pool in the mesophyll cell wall. Results also indicate that for the pre-senescence period 57% of the ozone is deposited onto the cuticular surfaces, 4% on soil and only 37% is absorbed by stomata. The comparison of modelled and measured data reported in this study indicates that the model is capable of predicting the major features of the patterns of total ozone flux.     

沙棘维生素C积累与相关酶活性关系研究

探讨沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.)不同器官中抗坏血酸(As A)积累与相关代谢酶活性的关系。结果表明,As A在沙棘幼叶和果实中含量较高,在茎和花中含量较低。沙棘幼叶和果实中As A含量主要受L-半乳糖-1,4-内酯脱氢酶(Gal LDH)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性调节,抗坏血酸氧化酶(AAO)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)对As A的积累也有调节作用。     

百合APX基因的克隆及转LlAPX提高拟南芥耐盐性

从铁炮百合‘白天堂’（Lilium longiforum‘White Heaven’）组培苗叶片中克隆得到一个抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因（APX）的cDNA序列,全长1 074 bp,推断其编码251个氨基酸。系统进化树分析表明APX在进化过程中保守性很高。通过构建过表达载体,转化拟南芥,其APX酶活性提高了4.7 ~ 7.8倍,AsA含量提高了1.5 ~ 2.3倍,其种子耐盐性提高。     

Effect of brassinosteroids on drought resistance and abscisic acid concentration in tomato under water stress

The effect of brassinosteroid (BR) on relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (g_s), net photosynthetic rate (PN), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), lipid peroxidation level, activities of antioxidant enzymes and abscisic acid concentration (ABA) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings under water stress was investigated. Two tomato genotypes, Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig (AC) and its ABA-deficient mutant notabilis (not), were used. Water stress was achieved by withholding water and both the AC and not plants were treated with 1 μM 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) or distilled water as a control. The RWC, g_s, Ci and PN were significantly decreased under water stress. However, EBR treatment significantly alleviated water stress and increased the RWC and PN. EBR application also markedly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) while it decreased g_s, Ci and the contents of H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA). Interestingly, ABA concentration in AC and not plants was markedly elevated after EBR treatment although the increasing rate and amplitude of ABA in not plants treated by EBR was significantly lower than those in AC plants. Our study suggested that amelioration of the drought stress of tomato seedlings may be caused by EBR-induced elevation of endogenous ABA concentration and/or the activities of antioxidant enzymes.     

Over-Expression of Tomato GDP-Mannose Pyrophosphorylase （GMPase） in Potato Increases Ascorbate Content and Delays Plant Senescence

GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMPase) catalyses the synthesis of GDP-D-mannose and represents the first committed step in the synthesis of ascorbate. In the present study, the GMPase gene of tomato was introduced into potato by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Two transgenic lines with higher GMPase expression were selected using qPCR and protein blot analyses. The results showed that the content of L-ascorbic acid (AsA) and the ratio of AsA/DHA (dehydroascorbate) significantly increased in both leaves and tubers of transgenic potato plants. Both pigment content and photosynthetic rate were much higher in transgenic plants than in wild-type plants. Transgenic plants showed a distinguishable change in phenotype from the wild-type plants. Furthermore, transgenic plants showed delayed senescence.     

盐生植物活性氧的非酶促清除机制

盐生植物的耐盐性常与其有效的抗氧化系统有关。植物的抗氧化系统分为酶促反应系统和非酶促反应系统。笔者介绍了盐生植物活性氧的非酶促清除机制。     

Improving the Performance of Wheat by Seed Priming Under Saline Conditions

Salinity is one of a major threat in harvesting good wheat stand on sustained basis. In this study, potential of seed priming techniques to improve the performance of wheat varieties (SARC‐1 and MH‐97) in a saline field was tested. For priming, wheat seeds were soaked in aerated solution of ascorbate (50 mg l^?1; ascorbate priming), salicylic acid (50 mg l^?1; salicylicate priming), kinetin (50 mg l^?1; kinetin priming) and CaCl₂ (50 mg l^?1; osmopriming) for 12 h. For comparison, seeds were also soaked in simple water (hydropriming); in addition, untreated seeds were also taken as control. Seed priming treatments substantially improved the stand establishment; osmopriming (with CaCl₂) was at the top however. Likewise maximum fertile tillers, grains per spike, 1000‐grain weight, grain yield and harvest index were observed in plants raised from seeds osmoprimed (with CaCl₂) followed by ascorbate priming in both the varieties tested. As an index of salinity tolerance, seed priming treatments also improved the leaf K⁺ contents with simultaneous decrease in Na⁺ concentration, osmopriming being the best treatment. Similarly, maximum total phenolic contents, total soluble proteins (TSP), α‐amylase and protease activities were observed in osmoprimed (with CaCl₂) seeds followed by ascorbate priming. Economic analysis also indicated that osmopriming is more viable with maximum net return and benefit‐to‐cost ratio. In conclusion, different seed priming treatments in wheat seeds improved the salinity tolerance nonetheless osmopriming (with CaCl₂) was the most effective treatments to get higher grain yield and net return in both wheat varieties whereas kinetin was the least effective.     

枣树ZjAPX基因的原核表达

为了解枣树抗氧化系统中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因的作用和功能,将从枣树结果枝cDNA文库中筛选获得的ZjAPX cDNA序列,连接到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-2,导入E.coli体内进行了表达产物鉴定。SDS-PAGE电泳检测表明,1.0 mmol/L的IPTG诱导4 h表达了蛋白产物;IPTG的浓度和诱导时间优化表明,1.2 mmol/LIPTG诱导5 h时,蛋白的表达量最大。研究为枣抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因生物学功能的深入研究奠定了基础。